L’aromathérapie utilise les essences des plantes extraites par distillation sont forme d’huiles essentielles et d’hydrolats.
La distillation
La distillation est un procédé chimique qui permet l’extraction de composés volatils contenus, ici, dans les plantes. Afin d’extraire ces composés, les plantes fraîches ou sèches sont déposer sur une grille ou dans un balcon de distillation. De l’eau va être porté à ébullition en dessous des plantes. C’est la vapeur d’eau qui va entraîner les molécules vers le haut afin d’être séparer des plantes. Une fois les composés emporter par la vapeur d’eau ils vont atterrir dans un serpentin réfrigérant. La vapeur d’eau va alors refroidir et se transformer en liquide. Comme sur les fenêtres de votre salle de bain après une bonne douche chaude. Cette eau est alors chargée en molécule et va être récoltée à la sortie du serpentin dans une bouteille.
Après quelques heures de repos, la bouteille est rempli de 2 phases :
une phase aqueuse qui est rempli de ce qu’on appelle les hydrolats ou eaux florales (si la distillation a été faite à partir de fleurs).
Une phase « huileuse » qui est constituée des huiles essentielles.
La partie huile essentielle est toujours plus faible en quantité que celle des hydrolats. Le rendement en huiles essentielles va dépendre de plusieurs facteurs dont les plantes et parties de plantes utilisées, des variétés, des méthodes de distillations.
Par exemple, 1 kg d’huile essentielle de lavandin demande environ 15kg de fleurs de lavandin et 1 kg d’huile essentielle de rose demande 1 tonne de pétales de rose.
Rose de damas
Lavandes
Seuls les composés aromatiques des zestes d’agrumes sont extraites différemment. Afin d’extraire les essences (et non les huiles essentielles), la technique de l’expression mécanique à froid est utilisée. Cette méthode consiste dans un premier temps à récupérer les molécules aromatiques contenus dans des poches au niveau du péricarpe (la peau). Puis dans un seconde temps, de séparer les moélcules aromatiques des autres molécules qui auraient pu être extraites afin d’avoir les essences d’agrumes pures.
Les différentes composés volatils rencontrés après distillation
La distillation ainsi que l’expression mécanique à froid permettent l’extraction de composés volatils pouvant aussi être appelés Composés Organiques Volatils (COV). Ces composés sont généralement aromatiques et sont détectés par des récepteurs présents dans notre fosse retronasal, nous permettant ainsi de percevoir les arômes.
Certains de ces composés sont très connus et étudiés c’est le cas notamment du linalol*1 , un monoterpène qui est connu pour avoir une odeur florale ou du cinnamaldéhyde, l’aldéhyde aromatique principal de la cannelle.
Bibliographie de la page
*1
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